homelab-vlan-segmentation

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npx skills add affaan-m/ecc --skill homelab-vlan-segmentation

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SKILL.md

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Documentation

SKILL.md

Segmenting home networks into VLANs for IoT, guest, trusted, and server traffic using UniFi, pfSense/OPNsense, and MikroTik — including switch trunk config, firewall rules, and wireless SSID mapping. Use when splitting a home network into IoT, guest, trusted, and server VLANs on UniFi, pfSense/OPNsense, or MikroTik.

npx skills add affaan-m/ecc --skill homelab-vlan-segmentation

Documentation

SKILL.mdView source

Homelab VLAN Segmentation

How to split a home network into isolated VLANs so IoT devices, guests, and your main PCs cannot talk to each other. The most impactful security upgrade for a home network.

All firewall rules shown here add isolation between segments — they do not remove existing protections. Apply changes in a maintenance window and verify connectivity between segments after each step before moving on.

When to Use

Setting up VLANs on a home network for the first time
Isolating IoT devices (smart bulbs, cameras, TVs) from trusted devices
Creating a guest Wi-Fi network that cannot reach home devices
Explaining how VLANs work to someone unfamiliar with the concept
Configuring trunk ports, access ports, and SSID-to-VLAN mapping
Troubleshooting inter-VLAN routing or firewall rule issues on pfSense/OPNsense/UniFi

How It Works

Without VLANs — flat network:
  All devices on 192.168.1.0/24
  Smart TV (potential malware) → can reach your NAS, PCs, everything

With VLANs:
  VLAN 10 — Trusted    192.168.10.0/24  (PCs, phones, laptops)
  VLAN 20 — IoT        192.168.20.0/24  (smart TV, bulbs, cameras)
  VLAN 30 — Servers    192.168.30.0/24  (NAS, Pi, VMs)
  VLAN 40 — Guest      192.168.40.0/24  (visitor Wi-Fi)
  VLAN 99 — Management 192.168.99.0/24  (switch/AP web UIs)

  Smart TV → blocked from reaching 192.168.10.0/24 and 192.168.30.0/24
  Guests → internet only, cannot see any home devices

VLAN Design Template

VLAN  Name        Subnet              Gateway         Purpose
10    trusted     192.168.10.0/24     192.168.10.1    PCs, phones, laptops
20    iot         192.168.20.0/24     192.168.20.1    Smart home devices
30    servers     192.168.30.0/24     192.168.30.1    NAS, Pi, self-hosted
40    guest       192.168.40.0/24     192.168.40.1    Visitor Wi-Fi
99    management  192.168.99.0/24     192.168.99.1    Network gear web UIs

Examples

Typical homelab with UniFi AP and managed switch:

Scenario: 3-bedroom house, UniFi Dream Machine + UniFi 8-port switch + 2 APs

VLAN 10 — Trusted    192.168.10.0/24   MacBook, iPhones, iPad
VLAN 20 — IoT        192.168.20.0/24   Nest thermostat, Philips Hue, Ring doorbell, smart TVs
VLAN 30 — Servers    192.168.30.0/24   Synology NAS (192.168.30.10), Pi-hole (192.168.30.2)
VLAN 40 — Guest      192.168.40.0/24   Visitor Wi-Fi — internet only

SSID → VLAN mapping:
  "Home"      → VLAN 10 (WPA2, strong password, trusted devices only)
  "IoT"       → VLAN 20 (WPA2, separate password, printed on router for setup)
  "Guest"     → VLAN 40 (WPA2, simple password you can share freely)

Switch port behavior:
  Port 1  → trunk to router (tagged VLANs 10,20,30,40,99)
  Port 2  → trunk to APs (tagged VLANs 10,20,40; AP handles per-SSID tagging)
  Port 3  → access VLAN 30 (NAS — untagged, no VLAN awareness needed)
  Port 4  → access VLAN 30 (Pi-hole — untagged)
  Port 5–8 → access VLAN 10 (wired workstations)

Firewall rules applied (all rules add isolation, none remove existing protections):
  IoT → Trusted: BLOCK
  IoT → Servers: BLOCK except 192.168.30.2:53 (Pi-hole DNS allowed)
  IoT → Internet: ALLOW
  Guest → Local networks: BLOCK
  Guest → Internet: ALLOW
  Trusted → everywhere: ALLOW

UniFi Configuration

Create Networks in UniFi Controller

Settings → Networks → Create New Network

For each VLAN:
  Name: IoT
  Purpose: Corporate  (gives DHCP + routing)
  VLAN ID: 20
  Network: 192.168.20.0/24
  Gateway IP: 192.168.20.1
  DHCP: Enable
  DHCP Range: 192.168.20.100 – 192.168.20.254

Map SSIDs to VLANs (UniFi)

Settings → WiFi → Create New WiFi

  Name: IoT-Network
  Password: <separate password>
  Network: IoT  ← select your VLAN here
  # All devices connecting to this SSID land in VLAN 20

  Name: Guest
  Password: <guest password>
  Network: Guest
  Guest Policy: Enable  ← isolates guests from each other too

UniFi Firewall Rules (Traffic Rules)

Settings → Traffic & Security → Traffic Rules

# Block IoT from reaching Trusted VLAN
  Action: Block
  Category: Local Network
  Source: IoT (192.168.20.0/24)
  Destination: Trusted (192.168.10.0/24)

# Allow IoT to reach internet only
  Action: Allow
  Source: IoT
  Destination: Internet

# Block Guest from all local networks
  Action: Block
  Source: Guest
  Destination: Local Networks

pfSense / OPNsense Configuration

Create VLANs

Interfaces → Assignments → VLANs → Add

  Parent Interface: em1  (your LAN NIC)
  VLAN Tag: 20
  Description: IoT

# Repeat for each VLAN, then assign each VLAN to an interface:
Interfaces → Assignments → Add
  Select the VLAN you created → click Add
  Enable the interface, set IP to gateway address (192.168.20.1/24)

DHCP for Each VLAN

Services → DHCP Server → Select your VLAN interface

  Enable DHCP
  Range: 192.168.20.100 to 192.168.20.254
  DNS Servers: 192.168.30.2  ← Pi-hole IP if you have one

Firewall Rules (pfSense/OPNsense)

# Rules are processed top-to-bottom, first match wins.

# On the IoT interface (VLAN 20):
  Rule 1: Allow IoT → Pi-hole DNS  ← MUST come before the RFC1918 block rule
    Protocol: UDP/TCP
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: 192.168.30.2 port 53
    Action: Allow

  Rule 2: Block IoT → RFC1918 (all private IP ranges)
    Protocol: any
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: RFC1918  (192.168.0.0/16, 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12)
    Action: Block

  Rule 3: Allow IoT → internet
    Protocol: any
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: any
    Action: Allow

# On the Trusted interface (VLAN 10):
  Allow all (trusted devices can reach everything)
    Source: Trusted net
    Destination: any
    Action: Allow

# Additional exceptions for IoT devices that need specific local services:
  Insert before Rule 2 (the RFC1918 block):
    Protocol: TCP
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: 192.168.30.x port 8123  ← Home Assistant
    Action: Allow

MikroTik Configuration

# Step 1: Create a bridge with VLAN filtering enabled
/interface bridge
add name=bridge vlan-filtering=yes

# Step 2: Add physical ports to the bridge
# Trunk port to router/uplink (tagged for all VLANs)
/interface bridge port
add bridge=bridge interface=ether1 frame-types=admit-only-vlan-tagged

# Access port for trusted devices (untagged VLAN 10)
/interface bridge port
add bridge=bridge interface=ether2 pvid=10 frame-types=admit-only-untagged-and-priority-tagged

# Access port for IoT devices (untagged VLAN 20)
/interface bridge port
add bridge=bridge interface=ether3 pvid=20 frame-types=admit-only-untagged-and-priority-tagged

# Step 3: Define which VLANs are allowed on which ports
/interface bridge vlan
add bridge=bridge tagged=ether1 untagged=ether2 vlan-ids=10
add bridge=bridge tagged=ether1 untagged=ether3 vlan-ids=20

# Step 4: Create VLAN interfaces on the bridge (gateway IPs)
/interface vlan
add interface=bridge name=vlan10 vlan-id=10
add interface=bridge name=vlan20 vlan-id=20

# Step 5: Assign gateway IPs
/ip address
add interface=vlan10 address=192.168.10.1/24
add interface=vlan20 address=192.168.20.1/24

# Step 6: DHCP pools and servers
/ip pool
add name=pool-trusted ranges=192.168.10.100-192.168.10.254
add name=pool-iot ranges=192.168.20.100-192.168.20.254

/ip dhcp-server
add interface=vlan10 address-pool=pool-trusted name=dhcp-trusted
add interface=vlan20 address-pool=pool-iot name=dhcp-iot

/ip dhcp-server network
add address=192.168.10.0/24 gateway=192.168.10.1
add address=192.168.20.0/24 gateway=192.168.20.1

# Step 7: Firewall — block IoT from reaching trusted VLAN
/ip firewall filter
add chain=forward src-address=192.168.20.0/24 dst-address=192.168.10.0/24 \
    action=drop comment="Block IoT to Trusted"

Switch Trunk vs Access Ports

# Trunk port: carries multiple VLANs (tagged) — connects switch-to-switch, switch-to-router, switch-to-AP
# Access port: carries one VLAN (untagged) — connects to end devices (PC, camera, NAS)

# A managed switch port connected to your router should be a trunk:
  Allowed VLANs: 10, 20, 30, 40, 99

# A port connecting to a PC should be an access port:
  VLAN: 10 (trusted)
  No tagging — the PC does not know or care about VLANs

# A port connecting to an AP must be a trunk:
  The AP tags traffic from each SSID with the right VLAN ID
  Allowed VLANs: 10, 20, 40  (whichever SSIDs the AP serves)

Anti-Patterns

# BAD: Creating VLANs without adding firewall rules
# VLANs without firewall rules do not provide security — inter-VLAN routing is open by default
# GOOD: Add explicit block rules immediately after creating VLANs

# BAD: Putting the Pi-hole in the IoT VLAN
# IoT devices can reach it but trusted devices cannot (without extra rules)
# GOOD: Pi-hole in the Servers VLAN with a rule allowing all VLANs to reach port 53

# BAD: Native VLAN equals management VLAN
# Untagged traffic landing in your management VLAN enables VLAN hopping attacks
# GOOD: Use a dedicated unused VLAN as native (e.g. VLAN 999), keep management traffic tagged

# BAD: Same Wi-Fi password for IoT SSID and trusted SSID
# Anyone who learns the password can connect IoT devices to the wrong segment

Best Practices

Start with 4 VLANs: Trusted, IoT, Servers, Guest — add more as needed
Put Pi-hole in the Servers VLAN (192.168.30.x)
Add a firewall rule allowing DNS (port 53) from all VLANs to the Pi-hole IP — before any RFC1918 block rule
Test isolation after every rule change: from the IoT VLAN, try to ping a trusted device — it should fail
Use a management VLAN for switch and AP web UIs and restrict access to the Trusted VLAN only
Document your VLAN design in a table (VLAN ID, name, subnet, purpose)

homelab-network-setup
homelab-pihole-dns
homelab-wireguard-vpn

npx skills add affaan-m/ecc --skill homelab-vlan-segmentation

Documentation

SKILL.md

npx skills add affaan-m/ecc --skill homelab-vlan-segmentation

Documentation

SKILL.mdView source

Homelab VLAN Segmentation

How to split a home network into isolated VLANs so IoT devices, guests, and your main PCs cannot talk to each other. The most impactful security upgrade for a home network.

When to Use

Setting up VLANs on a home network for the first time
Isolating IoT devices (smart bulbs, cameras, TVs) from trusted devices
Creating a guest Wi-Fi network that cannot reach home devices
Explaining how VLANs work to someone unfamiliar with the concept
Configuring trunk ports, access ports, and SSID-to-VLAN mapping
Troubleshooting inter-VLAN routing or firewall rule issues on pfSense/OPNsense/UniFi

How It Works

Without VLANs — flat network:
  All devices on 192.168.1.0/24
  Smart TV (potential malware) → can reach your NAS, PCs, everything

With VLANs:
  VLAN 10 — Trusted    192.168.10.0/24  (PCs, phones, laptops)
  VLAN 20 — IoT        192.168.20.0/24  (smart TV, bulbs, cameras)
  VLAN 30 — Servers    192.168.30.0/24  (NAS, Pi, VMs)
  VLAN 40 — Guest      192.168.40.0/24  (visitor Wi-Fi)
  VLAN 99 — Management 192.168.99.0/24  (switch/AP web UIs)

  Smart TV → blocked from reaching 192.168.10.0/24 and 192.168.30.0/24
  Guests → internet only, cannot see any home devices

VLAN Design Template

VLAN  Name        Subnet              Gateway         Purpose
10    trusted     192.168.10.0/24     192.168.10.1    PCs, phones, laptops
20    iot         192.168.20.0/24     192.168.20.1    Smart home devices
30    servers     192.168.30.0/24     192.168.30.1    NAS, Pi, self-hosted
40    guest       192.168.40.0/24     192.168.40.1    Visitor Wi-Fi
99    management  192.168.99.0/24     192.168.99.1    Network gear web UIs

Examples

Typical homelab with UniFi AP and managed switch:

Scenario: 3-bedroom house, UniFi Dream Machine + UniFi 8-port switch + 2 APs

VLAN 10 — Trusted    192.168.10.0/24   MacBook, iPhones, iPad
VLAN 20 — IoT        192.168.20.0/24   Nest thermostat, Philips Hue, Ring doorbell, smart TVs
VLAN 30 — Servers    192.168.30.0/24   Synology NAS (192.168.30.10), Pi-hole (192.168.30.2)
VLAN 40 — Guest      192.168.40.0/24   Visitor Wi-Fi — internet only

SSID → VLAN mapping:
  "Home"      → VLAN 10 (WPA2, strong password, trusted devices only)
  "IoT"       → VLAN 20 (WPA2, separate password, printed on router for setup)
  "Guest"     → VLAN 40 (WPA2, simple password you can share freely)

Switch port behavior:
  Port 1  → trunk to router (tagged VLANs 10,20,30,40,99)
  Port 2  → trunk to APs (tagged VLANs 10,20,40; AP handles per-SSID tagging)
  Port 3  → access VLAN 30 (NAS — untagged, no VLAN awareness needed)
  Port 4  → access VLAN 30 (Pi-hole — untagged)
  Port 5–8 → access VLAN 10 (wired workstations)

Firewall rules applied (all rules add isolation, none remove existing protections):
  IoT → Trusted: BLOCK
  IoT → Servers: BLOCK except 192.168.30.2:53 (Pi-hole DNS allowed)
  IoT → Internet: ALLOW
  Guest → Local networks: BLOCK
  Guest → Internet: ALLOW
  Trusted → everywhere: ALLOW

UniFi Configuration

Create Networks in UniFi Controller

Settings → Networks → Create New Network

For each VLAN:
  Name: IoT
  Purpose: Corporate  (gives DHCP + routing)
  VLAN ID: 20
  Network: 192.168.20.0/24
  Gateway IP: 192.168.20.1
  DHCP: Enable
  DHCP Range: 192.168.20.100 – 192.168.20.254

Map SSIDs to VLANs (UniFi)

Settings → WiFi → Create New WiFi

  Name: IoT-Network
  Password: <separate password>
  Network: IoT  ← select your VLAN here
  # All devices connecting to this SSID land in VLAN 20

  Name: Guest
  Password: <guest password>
  Network: Guest
  Guest Policy: Enable  ← isolates guests from each other too

UniFi Firewall Rules (Traffic Rules)

Settings → Traffic & Security → Traffic Rules

# Block IoT from reaching Trusted VLAN
  Action: Block
  Category: Local Network
  Source: IoT (192.168.20.0/24)
  Destination: Trusted (192.168.10.0/24)

# Allow IoT to reach internet only
  Action: Allow
  Source: IoT
  Destination: Internet

# Block Guest from all local networks
  Action: Block
  Source: Guest
  Destination: Local Networks

pfSense / OPNsense Configuration

Create VLANs

Interfaces → Assignments → VLANs → Add

  Parent Interface: em1  (your LAN NIC)
  VLAN Tag: 20
  Description: IoT

# Repeat for each VLAN, then assign each VLAN to an interface:
Interfaces → Assignments → Add
  Select the VLAN you created → click Add
  Enable the interface, set IP to gateway address (192.168.20.1/24)

DHCP for Each VLAN

Services → DHCP Server → Select your VLAN interface

  Enable DHCP
  Range: 192.168.20.100 to 192.168.20.254
  DNS Servers: 192.168.30.2  ← Pi-hole IP if you have one

Firewall Rules (pfSense/OPNsense)

# Rules are processed top-to-bottom, first match wins.

# On the IoT interface (VLAN 20):
  Rule 1: Allow IoT → Pi-hole DNS  ← MUST come before the RFC1918 block rule
    Protocol: UDP/TCP
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: 192.168.30.2 port 53
    Action: Allow

  Rule 2: Block IoT → RFC1918 (all private IP ranges)
    Protocol: any
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: RFC1918  (192.168.0.0/16, 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12)
    Action: Block

  Rule 3: Allow IoT → internet
    Protocol: any
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: any
    Action: Allow

# On the Trusted interface (VLAN 10):
  Allow all (trusted devices can reach everything)
    Source: Trusted net
    Destination: any
    Action: Allow

# Additional exceptions for IoT devices that need specific local services:
  Insert before Rule 2 (the RFC1918 block):
    Protocol: TCP
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: 192.168.30.x port 8123  ← Home Assistant
    Action: Allow

MikroTik Configuration

# Step 1: Create a bridge with VLAN filtering enabled
/interface bridge
add name=bridge vlan-filtering=yes

# Step 2: Add physical ports to the bridge
# Trunk port to router/uplink (tagged for all VLANs)
/interface bridge port
add bridge=bridge interface=ether1 frame-types=admit-only-vlan-tagged

# Access port for trusted devices (untagged VLAN 10)
/interface bridge port
add bridge=bridge interface=ether2 pvid=10 frame-types=admit-only-untagged-and-priority-tagged

# Access port for IoT devices (untagged VLAN 20)
/interface bridge port
add bridge=bridge interface=ether3 pvid=20 frame-types=admit-only-untagged-and-priority-tagged

# Step 3: Define which VLANs are allowed on which ports
/interface bridge vlan
add bridge=bridge tagged=ether1 untagged=ether2 vlan-ids=10
add bridge=bridge tagged=ether1 untagged=ether3 vlan-ids=20

# Step 4: Create VLAN interfaces on the bridge (gateway IPs)
/interface vlan
add interface=bridge name=vlan10 vlan-id=10
add interface=bridge name=vlan20 vlan-id=20

# Step 5: Assign gateway IPs
/ip address
add interface=vlan10 address=192.168.10.1/24
add interface=vlan20 address=192.168.20.1/24

# Step 6: DHCP pools and servers
/ip pool
add name=pool-trusted ranges=192.168.10.100-192.168.10.254
add name=pool-iot ranges=192.168.20.100-192.168.20.254

/ip dhcp-server
add interface=vlan10 address-pool=pool-trusted name=dhcp-trusted
add interface=vlan20 address-pool=pool-iot name=dhcp-iot

/ip dhcp-server network
add address=192.168.10.0/24 gateway=192.168.10.1
add address=192.168.20.0/24 gateway=192.168.20.1

# Step 7: Firewall — block IoT from reaching trusted VLAN
/ip firewall filter
add chain=forward src-address=192.168.20.0/24 dst-address=192.168.10.0/24 \
    action=drop comment="Block IoT to Trusted"

Switch Trunk vs Access Ports

# Trunk port: carries multiple VLANs (tagged) — connects switch-to-switch, switch-to-router, switch-to-AP
# Access port: carries one VLAN (untagged) — connects to end devices (PC, camera, NAS)

# A managed switch port connected to your router should be a trunk:
  Allowed VLANs: 10, 20, 30, 40, 99

# A port connecting to a PC should be an access port:
  VLAN: 10 (trusted)
  No tagging — the PC does not know or care about VLANs

# A port connecting to an AP must be a trunk:
  The AP tags traffic from each SSID with the right VLAN ID
  Allowed VLANs: 10, 20, 40  (whichever SSIDs the AP serves)

Anti-Patterns

# BAD: Creating VLANs without adding firewall rules
# VLANs without firewall rules do not provide security — inter-VLAN routing is open by default
# GOOD: Add explicit block rules immediately after creating VLANs

# BAD: Putting the Pi-hole in the IoT VLAN
# IoT devices can reach it but trusted devices cannot (without extra rules)
# GOOD: Pi-hole in the Servers VLAN with a rule allowing all VLANs to reach port 53

# BAD: Native VLAN equals management VLAN
# Untagged traffic landing in your management VLAN enables VLAN hopping attacks
# GOOD: Use a dedicated unused VLAN as native (e.g. VLAN 999), keep management traffic tagged

# BAD: Same Wi-Fi password for IoT SSID and trusted SSID
# Anyone who learns the password can connect IoT devices to the wrong segment

Best Practices

Start with 4 VLANs: Trusted, IoT, Servers, Guest — add more as needed
Put Pi-hole in the Servers VLAN (192.168.30.x)
Add a firewall rule allowing DNS (port 53) from all VLANs to the Pi-hole IP — before any RFC1918 block rule
Test isolation after every rule change: from the IoT VLAN, try to ping a trusted device — it should fail
Use a management VLAN for switch and AP web UIs and restrict access to the Trusted VLAN only
Document your VLAN design in a table (VLAN ID, name, subnet, purpose)

homelab-network-setup
homelab-pihole-dns
homelab-wireguard-vpn

homelab-vlan-segmentation

Documentation

Documentation

homelab-vlan-segmentation

Documentation

Homelab VLAN Segmentation

When to Use

How It Works

VLAN Design Template

Examples

UniFi Configuration

Create Networks in UniFi Controller

Map SSIDs to VLANs (UniFi)

UniFi Firewall Rules (Traffic Rules)

pfSense / OPNsense Configuration

Create VLANs

DHCP for Each VLAN

Firewall Rules (pfSense/OPNsense)

MikroTik Configuration

Switch Trunk vs Access Ports

Anti-Patterns

Best Practices

Related Skills

Documentation

Documentation

Homelab VLAN Segmentation

When to Use

How It Works

VLAN Design Template

Examples

UniFi Configuration

Create Networks in UniFi Controller

Map SSIDs to VLANs (UniFi)

UniFi Firewall Rules (Traffic Rules)

pfSense / OPNsense Configuration

Create VLANs

DHCP for Each VLAN

Firewall Rules (pfSense/OPNsense)

MikroTik Configuration

Switch Trunk vs Access Ports

Anti-Patterns

Best Practices

Related Skills