dspy

# Stable release
pip install dspy
 
# Latest development version
pip install git+https://github.com/stanfordnlp/dspy.git
 
# With specific LM providers
pip install dspy[openai]        # OpenAI
pip install dspy[anthropic]     # Anthropic Claude
pip install dspy[all]           # All providers

import dspy
 
# Configure your language model
lm = dspy.Claude(model="claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929")
dspy.settings.configure(lm=lm)
 
# Define a signature (input → output)
class QA(dspy.Signature):
    """Answer questions with short factual answers."""
    question = dspy.InputField()
    answer = dspy.OutputField(desc="often between 1 and 5 words")
 
# Create a module
qa = dspy.Predict(QA)
 
# Use it
response = qa(question="What is the capital of France?")
print(response.answer)  # "Paris"

import dspy
 
lm = dspy.Claude(model="claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929")
dspy.settings.configure(lm=lm)
 
# Use ChainOfThought for better reasoning
class MathProblem(dspy.Signature):
    """Solve math word problems."""
    problem = dspy.InputField()
    answer = dspy.OutputField(desc="numerical answer")
 
# ChainOfThought generates reasoning steps automatically
cot = dspy.ChainOfThought(MathProblem)
 
response = cot(problem="If John has 5 apples and gives 2 to Mary, how many does he have?")
print(response.rationale)  # Shows reasoning steps
print(response.answer)     # "3"

# Inline signature (simple)
qa = dspy.Predict("question -> answer")
 
# Class signature (detailed)
class Summarize(dspy.Signature):
    """Summarize text into key points."""
    text = dspy.InputField()
    summary = dspy.OutputField(desc="bullet points, 3-5 items")
 
summarizer = dspy.ChainOfThought(Summarize)

predictor = dspy.Predict("context, question -> answer")
result = predictor(context="Paris is the capital of France",
                   question="What is the capital?")

cot = dspy.ChainOfThought("question -> answer")
result = cot(question="Why is the sky blue?")
print(result.rationale)  # Reasoning steps
print(result.answer)     # Final answer

from dspy.predict import ReAct
 
class SearchQA(dspy.Signature):
    """Answer questions using search."""
    question = dspy.InputField()
    answer = dspy.OutputField()
 
def search_tool(query: str) -> str:
    """Search Wikipedia."""
    # Your search implementation
    return results
 
react = ReAct(SearchQA, tools=[search_tool])
result = react(question="When was Python created?")

pot = dspy.ProgramOfThought("question -> answer")
result = pot(question="What is 15% of 240?")
# Generates: answer = 240 * 0.15

from dspy.teleprompt import BootstrapFewShot
 
# Training data
trainset = [
    dspy.Example(question="What is 2+2?", answer="4").with_inputs("question"),
    dspy.Example(question="What is 3+5?", answer="8").with_inputs("question"),
]
 
# Define metric
def validate_answer(example, pred, trace=None):
    return example.answer == pred.answer
 
# Optimize
optimizer = BootstrapFewShot(metric=validate_answer, max_bootstrapped_demos=3)
optimized_qa = optimizer.compile(qa, trainset=trainset)
 
# Now optimized_qa performs better!

from dspy.teleprompt import MIPRO
 
optimizer = MIPRO(
    metric=validate_answer,
    num_candidates=10,
    init_temperature=1.0
)
 
optimized_cot = optimizer.compile(
    cot,
    trainset=trainset,
    num_trials=100
)

from dspy.teleprompt import BootstrapFinetune
 
optimizer = BootstrapFinetune(metric=validate_answer)
optimized_module = optimizer.compile(qa, trainset=trainset)
 
# Exports training data for fine-tuning

import dspy
 
class MultiHopQA(dspy.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.retrieve = dspy.Retrieve(k=3)
        self.generate_query = dspy.ChainOfThought("question -> search_query")
        self.generate_answer = dspy.ChainOfThought("context, question -> answer")
 
    def forward(self, question):
        # Stage 1: Generate search query
        search_query = self.generate_query(question=question).search_query
 
        # Stage 2: Retrieve context
        passages = self.retrieve(search_query).passages
        context = "\n".join(passages)
 
        # Stage 3: Generate answer
        answer = self.generate_answer(context=context, question=question).answer
        return dspy.Prediction(answer=answer, context=context)
 
# Use the pipeline
qa_system = MultiHopQA()
result = qa_system(question="Who wrote the book that inspired the movie Blade Runner?")

import dspy
from dspy.retrieve.chromadb_rm import ChromadbRM
 
# Configure retriever
retriever = ChromadbRM(
    collection_name="documents",
    persist_directory="./chroma_db"
)
 
class RAG(dspy.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_passages=3):
        super().__init__()
        self.retrieve = dspy.Retrieve(k=num_passages)
        self.generate = dspy.ChainOfThought("context, question -> answer")
 
    def forward(self, question):
        context = self.retrieve(question).passages
        return self.generate(context=context, question=question)
 
# Create and optimize
rag = RAG()
 
# Optimize with training data
from dspy.teleprompt import BootstrapFewShot
 
optimizer = BootstrapFewShot(metric=validate_answer)
optimized_rag = optimizer.compile(rag, trainset=trainset)

import dspy
 
lm = dspy.Claude(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929",
    api_key="your-api-key",  # Or set ANTHROPIC_API_KEY env var
    max_tokens=1000,
    temperature=0.7
)
dspy.settings.configure(lm=lm)

lm = dspy.OpenAI(
    model="gpt-4",
    api_key="your-api-key",
    max_tokens=1000
)
dspy.settings.configure(lm=lm)

lm = dspy.OllamaLocal(
    model="llama3.1",
    base_url="http://localhost:11434"
)
dspy.settings.configure(lm=lm)

# Different models for different tasks
cheap_lm = dspy.OpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo")
strong_lm = dspy.Claude(model="claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929")
 
# Use cheap model for retrieval, strong model for reasoning
with dspy.settings.context(lm=cheap_lm):
    context = retriever(question)
 
with dspy.settings.context(lm=strong_lm):
    answer = generator(context=context, question=question)

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
class PersonInfo(BaseModel):
    name: str = Field(description="Full name")
    age: int = Field(description="Age in years")
    occupation: str = Field(description="Current job")
 
class ExtractPerson(dspy.Signature):
    """Extract person information from text."""
    text = dspy.InputField()
    person: PersonInfo = dspy.OutputField()
 
extractor = dspy.TypedPredictor(ExtractPerson)
result = extractor(text="John Doe is a 35-year-old software engineer.")
print(result.person.name)  # "John Doe"
print(result.person.age)   # 35

import dspy
from dspy.primitives.assertions import assert_transform_module, backtrack_handler
 
class MathQA(dspy.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.solve = dspy.ChainOfThought("problem -> solution: float")
 
    def forward(self, problem):
        solution = self.solve(problem=problem).solution
 
        # Assert solution is numeric
        dspy.Assert(
            isinstance(float(solution), float),
            "Solution must be a number",
            backtrack=backtrack_handler
        )
 
        return dspy.Prediction(solution=solution)

import dspy
from collections import Counter
 
class ConsistentQA(dspy.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_samples=5):
        super().__init__()
        self.qa = dspy.ChainOfThought("question -> answer")
        self.num_samples = num_samples
 
    def forward(self, question):
        # Generate multiple answers
        answers = []
        for _ in range(self.num_samples):
            result = self.qa(question=question)
            answers.append(result.answer)
 
        # Return most common answer
        most_common = Counter(answers).most_common(1)[0][0]
        return dspy.Prediction(answer=most_common)

class RerankedRAG(dspy.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.retrieve = dspy.Retrieve(k=10)
        self.rerank = dspy.Predict("question, passage -> relevance_score: float")
        self.answer = dspy.ChainOfThought("context, question -> answer")
 
    def forward(self, question):
        # Retrieve candidates
        passages = self.retrieve(question).passages
 
        # Rerank passages
        scored = []
        for passage in passages:
            score = float(self.rerank(question=question, passage=passage).relevance_score)
            scored.append((score, passage))
 
        # Take top 3
        top_passages = [p for _, p in sorted(scored, reverse=True)[:3]]
        context = "\n\n".join(top_passages)
 
        # Generate answer
        return self.answer(context=context, question=question)

def exact_match(example, pred, trace=None):
    """Exact match metric."""
    return example.answer.lower() == pred.answer.lower()
 
def f1_score(example, pred, trace=None):
    """F1 score for text overlap."""
    pred_tokens = set(pred.answer.lower().split())
    gold_tokens = set(example.answer.lower().split())
 
    if not pred_tokens:
        return 0.0
 
    precision = len(pred_tokens & gold_tokens) / len(pred_tokens)
    recall = len(pred_tokens & gold_tokens) / len(gold_tokens)
 
    if precision + recall == 0:
        return 0.0
 
    return 2 * (precision * recall) / (precision + recall)

from dspy.evaluate import Evaluate
 
# Create evaluator
evaluator = Evaluate(
    devset=testset,
    metric=exact_match,
    num_threads=4,
    display_progress=True
)
 
# Evaluate model
score = evaluator(qa_system)
print(f"Accuracy: {score}")
 
# Compare optimized vs unoptimized
score_before = evaluator(qa)
score_after = evaluator(optimized_qa)
print(f"Improvement: {score_after - score_before:.2%}")

# Start with Predict
qa = dspy.Predict("question -> answer")
 
# Add reasoning if needed
qa = dspy.ChainOfThought("question -> answer")
 
# Add optimization when you have data
optimized_qa = optimizer.compile(qa, trainset=data)

# ❌ Bad: Vague
class Task(dspy.Signature):
    input = dspy.InputField()
    output = dspy.OutputField()
 
# ✅ Good: Descriptive
class SummarizeArticle(dspy.Signature):
    """Summarize news articles into 3-5 key points."""
    article = dspy.InputField(desc="full article text")
    summary = dspy.OutputField(desc="bullet points, 3-5 items")

# Create diverse training examples
trainset = [
    dspy.Example(question="factual", answer="...).with_inputs("question"),
    dspy.Example(question="reasoning", answer="...").with_inputs("question"),
    dspy.Example(question="calculation", answer="...").with_inputs("question"),
]
 
# Use validation set for metric
def metric(example, pred, trace=None):
    return example.answer in pred.answer

# Save
optimized_qa.save("models/qa_v1.json")
 
# Load
loaded_qa = dspy.ChainOfThought("question -> answer")
loaded_qa.load("models/qa_v1.json")

# Enable tracing
dspy.settings.configure(lm=lm, trace=[])
 
# Run prediction
result = qa(question="...")
 
# Inspect trace
for call in dspy.settings.trace:
    print(f"Prompt: {call['prompt']}")
    print(f"Response: {call['response']}")