physics-tuning

Physics tuning

Most "bad physics" is not a bug in the engine — it's a mismatch between the fixed-timestep simulation and the variable-rate render loop, or untuned mass/drag/CCD/layer settings. This skill covers the engine-neutral knobs that make physics stable and responsive; pair it with godot-physics or unity-physics for the concrete APIs.

When to use

• Use when motion jitters, objects pass through walls (tunneling), stacks explode, or movement feels floaty/sticky/laggy.
• Use to decide what goes in the fixed (physics) step vs the render frame, and how to interpolate between them.
• Use to tune gravity, mass, drag, restitution, solver iterations, sleeping, and collision layers/masks.

When not to use: for an engine's exact physics nodes/components and collision callbacks, use godot-physics or unity-physics. For movement decisions (when to jump, AI steering) use input-systems and game-ai. For platformer jump-feel specifics like coyote time/jump buffering, that's input/ controller territory — see input-systems and the platformer genre.

Core workflow

1. Run physics on a fixed timestep. Simulate at a constant rate (e.g. 50–60 Hz). A fixed dt makes the simulation deterministic-ish and stable; a variable dt makes integration and collisions inconsistent.
2. Put physics work in the physics callback, not the render frame. Apply forces/velocities and read collisions in the fixed step (FixedUpdate / _physics_process), using that step's dt.
3. Interpolate rendering between physics ticks. The render frame rate ≠ the physics rate, so smoothly interpolate transforms toward the latest physics state, or enable the engine's Rigidbody interpolation, to remove visible stutter.
4. Tune the body, not the scene. Set mass for relative weight, drag for damping, gravity scale per object, and restitution/friction via materials.
5. Stop tunneling with CCD on small/fast bodies; cap maximum velocity.
6. Stabilize stacks/joints with more solver iterations, sane mass ratios, and sleeping for resting bodies.
7. Verify by feel and stress test. Play at low and high frame rates; throw fast objects at thin walls; stack and shove bodies. Report what you observed.

Patterns

1. Fixed timestep for simulation, render interpolation for smoothness

# Physics callback: runs at the FIXED rate. Use its dt for all integration.
func _physics_process(dt):                  # Unity: void FixedUpdate()
    velocity +=

Most engines offer this for you (Godot physics_interpolation/Rigidbody interpolate; Unity Rigidbody.interpolation = Interpolate). Prefer the built-in before hand-rolling.

2. Stop tunneling: CCD + a speed cap

3. Body tuning: mass, drag, gravity scale, material

4. Collision layers and masks (who collides with whom)

Pitfalls

• Applying forces/movement in the render frame (Update/_process) makes behavior frame-rate dependent — faster PCs run faster, and collisions get flaky. Do simulation in the fixed step.
• Visible jitter even with a fixed step usually means no render interpolation: the physics rate and display rate beat against each other. Enable interpolation.
• Tunneling through thin walls: discrete collision misses fast movers. Enable CCD, cap speed, thicken walls, or raise the physics rate.
• Expecting heavier objects to fall faster. Gravity is acceleration; mass affects collision response, not fall speed. Use gravity_scale/drag for feel.
• Exploding stacks / jittery joints: mass ratios too extreme, or too few solver iterations. Keep mass ratios modest and raise iteration counts.
• Bodies that never rest burn CPU and twitch. Enable sleeping and a sensible sleep threshold for resting objects.
• One-directional layer setup: A's mask includes B but B's mask excludes A. Detection/collision can need both sides; verify the full matrix.
• Huge dt spikes (load hitches, breakpoints) blow up integration. Clamp the max physics step / substep count so a stall doesn't launch everything.

References

• references/timestep-and-ccd.md — the fixed-timestep accumulator loop, interpolation math, substepping, CCD modes, solver/iteration tuning, sleeping, and a stability checklist.

Related skills

• godot-physics, unity-physics — concrete bodies, colliders, and callbacks.
• input-systems — responsive controls, jump buffering, coyote time.
• game-ai — agent movement that must agree with the physics step.
• platformer, fps-shooter — genres whose feel depends on this tuning.