gke-workload-troubleshooting

GKE Workload Troubleshooting Skill

Use this skill to systematically diagnose and resolve failures in application workloads deployed in GKE clusters. This skill operates non-interactively and enforces a read-only diagnostics boundary: it only proposes fixes — whether Kubernetes manifest/config patches or Google Cloud changes (for example gcloud IAM bindings or node-pool recreation) — and never executes live mutations itself.

🔍 Diagnostic Workflow

Step 0: Non-Interactive Context Discovery & Time Window Definition

1. Parameter Extraction: Extract required context (project_id, cluster_name, cluster_location, workload_name, workload_namespace) non-interactively from the user prompt, active SETTINGS.md, or active environment defaults:

   • Default workload_namespace to default if omitted.
   • Infer missing cluster parameters from active environment (kubectl config current-context or gcloud config get-value project).
   • Prioritize non-interactive context discovery from prompts and environment defaults to ensure autonomous execution flow.

2. Cluster Credentials & Fallback Mode:

   • Attempt credential fetch: gcloud container clusters get-credentials {cluster_name} --region/--zone {cluster_location}
   • Fallback / Dry-Run Mode: If the cluster is unreachable, non-existent, or live command execution fails (such as in sandboxed evaluations, dry-run mode, or offline analysis):
     • Limit retry attempts to avoid resource exhaustion and context overflow in unreachable cluster scenarios.
     • Immediately present the exact sequence of kubectl diagnostic commands for the human operator to run.
     • Synthesize the root cause analysis and output the proposed GitOps manifest fix based on the reported symptoms.

3. Time Handling & Fallbacks:

   • Determine Issue Timestamp ({issue_time}):
     • Specific Time Provided: If the user provides a specific timestamp, use it as {issue_time}.
     • Relative Time Provided (e.g., "5 minutes ago"): Dynamically calculate the corresponding UTC timestamp based on current system time, and use it as {issue_time}.
     • No Time Provided (Default): Use current system time as {issue_time}.
   • Window Calculation: Center a 1-hour query window around {issue_time} (start_time = {issue_time} - 30m, end_time = {issue_time} + 30m).

Step 1: Analyze Pod Status and Conditions

Inspect the workload's active pod states and controller status.

Diagnostic Commands:

# 1. Inspect the deployment's actual selector labels:
kubectl get deployment {workload_name} -n {workload_namespace} -o jsonpath='{.spec.selector.matchLabels}'
# 2. Query the pods using the returned labels, for example:
kubectl

Diagnostic Decision Tree:

• Phase: Pending:

  • The Pod cannot schedule on any node. Proceed directly to Step 2 (Query Namespace Events).

• State: CrashLoopBackOff / Error:

  • The container boots but exits repeatedly; the kubelet restarts it with an increasing back-off delay of up to five minutes. First read the terminated reason and exit code:

  kubectl describe pod {pod_name} -n {workload_namespace}
  kubectl get pod {pod_name} -n {workload_namespace} -o jsonpath='{.status.containerStatuses[*].lastState.terminated}'
  • Reason: OOMKilled (Exit Code 137): The container's memory limit was reached. Proceed to Step 3 (Inspect Logs) → OOM Analysis to classify container-level vs node-level, then Step 5 to propose fixes.
  • Exit Code 0 (successful exit): Unexpected for a long-running Deployment/StatefulSet — restartPolicy: Always restarts the finished process, creating the loop. Common causes: the command/entrypoint does not start a persistent process, a worker exits on an empty queue, or a missing/invalid config (e.g., an unattached or mis-keyed ConfigMap volume) makes the app exit cleanly. Proceed to Step 3 (Inspect Logs).
  • Exit Code 128: Invalid command/entrypoint — the executable path is wrong or absent in the image. Verify the container command in the manifest.
  • Exit Code 1 or other non-zero: The application crashed — configuration errors, missing/invalid env vars or config files, unreachable dependencies, or auth failures (401/403) on Google Cloud calls (check the Pod's IAM / Workload Identity Federation). Proceed directly to Step 3 (Inspect Logs).
  • If the exit code looks healthy but the container keeps restarting, suspect a liveness probe failure (see Step 3).

• State: ImagePullBackOff / ErrImagePull:

  • The kubelet cannot pull the container image. ImagePullBackOff means it keeps retrying with back-off; ErrImagePull is a general, non-recoverable pull error. Related statuses: InvalidImageName, RegistryUnavailable, SignatureValidationFailed, ImageInspectError. Proceed to Step 2 (Query Namespace Events) to read the exact pull error message.

• State: ContainerCreating:

  • The container is blocked during volume mount, networking setup, or image pulling. Proceed directly to Step 2 (Query Namespace Events).

Step 2: Query Namespace Events

Look for infrastructure, volume, image, or scheduling alerts in GKE.

Diagnostic Command:

kubectl get events -n {workload_namespace} --sort-by='.metadata.creationTimestamp'
# Or query Cloud Logging for historical GKE events within the time window:
gcloud logging read "resource.type=\"k8s_cluster\" AND logName=\"projects/{project_id}/logs/events\" AND jsonPayload.involvedObject.namespace=\"{workload_namespace}\"" --start-time="{start_time}" --end-time="{end_time}" --project="{project_id}"
# Or query specifically for image pull failures within the time window:
gcloud logging read 'log_id("events") AND resource.type="k8s_pod" AND resource.labels.cluster_name="{cluster_name}" AND jsonPayload.message=~"Failed to pull image"' --project="{project_id}"

Note: Retrieve the sorted events list and manually inspect the event timestamps (CreationTimestamp/LastSeen) to identify failures occurring within the {start_time} and {end_time} window.

Signature Identifiers:

• FailedScheduling: Node resource exhaustion. Look for messages like 0/3 nodes are available: 3 Insufficient memory. or missing node affinity tolerations (e.g. Spot VM taints).

• FailedMount:

  • Missing PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC).
  • Missing Secret (Secret "{secret_name}" not found).
  • Missing ConfigMap (ConfigMap "{configmap_name}" not found).

• Failed / BackOff (Image Pull): First read the exact event message (Failed to pull image "IMAGE": ...) and triage by what it actually says. Do not jump to IAM / node service-account investigation unless the message is genuinely a permission or authentication error.

  • Wrong image name/tag — start here (not found, manifest unknown, InvalidImageName): the most common cause — the tag or path is wrong, or the image was deleted, frequently introduced by a recent deployment change.

    • Identify the failing container image name and the invalid tag.
    • Check the Git history for the last known working image tag: git log -p -S "{image_name}" -- {manifest_file_path} (or run git log on the folder containing manifests).
    • Propose reverting the image tag to the last working version (or correcting the tag) in the manifest patch.

  • Permission / authentication errors only (the message contains 403 Forbidden / denied, or 401 Unauthorized / unauthorized): the node cannot authorize or authenticate to the registry. Pursue the checks below only when the message matches.

    • 403 Forbidden (authorization) — the node pool service account (or the imagePullSecret's service account) is missing registry read access. Suggest granting it by presenting the following command for the user to review and run; do not execute it. For Artifact Registry:

      gcloud artifacts repositories add-iam-policy-binding {repository} \
        --location={repo_location} \
        --member="serviceAccount:{node_service_account_email}" \
        --role="roles/artifactregistry.reader"

      For Container Registry (gcr.io), grant roles/storage.objectViewer on the backing bucket (or the Artifact Registry role if gcr.io was migrated). Also check that any VPC Service Controls perimeter allows Artifact Registry.

    • 401 Unauthorized (authentication) — the node service account is disabled or the node lacks the required OAuth scope:

      gcloud container clusters describe {cluster_name} --location={cluster_location} \
        --format="table(nodePools.name,nodePools.config.serviceAccount)"
      gcloud iam service-accounts list \
        --filter="email:{node_service_account_email} AND disabled:true" --project={project_id}
      gcloud compute instances describe {node_name} --zone={node_zone} \
        --format="flattened(serviceAccounts[].scopes)"

      Scopes must include devstorage.read_only or cloud-platform (provided by gke-default). Nodes are immutable, so suggest recreating the node pool with --scopes="gke-default" if the scope is missing — present it as a proposed command for the user to run, do not execute it.

    • Private / self-hosted registry: ensure a valid imagePullSecret exists and is referenced by the Deployment.

  • Other statuses: RegistryUnavailable / i/o timeout / DNS server misbehaving → registry network path (DNS, firewall egress, Google API connectivity); exec format error or a deprecated schema-1 image → architecture/schema mismatch.

Step 3: Inspect Application Logs

Extract exceptions and stack traces from the application runtime.

Diagnostic Commands:

# Check current active log stream (handles multi-container pods)
kubectl logs {pod_name} -n {workload_namespace} --all-containers --tail=100
 
# Check logs from previously terminated container instances (handles multi-container pods)
kubectl logs {pod_name} -n {workload_namespace} --all-containers -p --tail=100

Signature Identifiers:

• Out-of-Memory (OOM) Analysis: First confirm and classify the kill.

  • Container-level OOM (most common): kubectl describe pod shows Last State: Terminated, Reason: OOMKilled, Exit Code: 137. The container exceeded its cgroup memory limit. Differentiate an application memory leak/loop (unbounded growth in logs and startup command) from an infrastructure capacity mismatch (legitimate demand exceeding resources.limits.memory).

  • Node-level (system) OOM: the entire node ran out of memory; look for evicted Pods and node-pressure eviction. The combined memory of all Pods exceeded node capacity.

  • "Invisible" OOM (cgroup v1): a child process is killed but the main process (PID 1) keeps running, so Kubernetes never marks OOMKilled. Search node logs in Cloud Logging:

    gcloud logging read 'resource.type="k8s_node" AND resource.labels.cluster_name="{cluster_name}" AND jsonPayload.MESSAGE:("TaskOOM event" OR "ContainerDied")' --project="{project_id}"

    A TaskOOM entry confirms an OOM kill; match its container ID to the ContainerDied entry to find the affected Pod. On the node, journalctl -k distinguishes container-level kills (memory cgroup, memcg) from system-level kills (Out of memory: Killed process).

  • Do not rely solely on sampled memory metrics — they often miss the spike that triggers the kill. Then proceed to Step 5 to propose fixes (raise limits, fix the leak, or right-size the node pool).

• Liveness Probe Failure (CrashLoop with no application error): if the container restarts but its logs show no crash, the kubelet may be killing it on failed liveness probes (default failureThreshold: 3). Confirm in Cloud Logging:

  gcloud logging read 'resource.type="k8s_node" AND log_id("kubelet") AND jsonPayload.MESSAGE:"failed liveness probe, will be restarted" AND resource.labels.cluster_name="{cluster_name}"' --project="{project_id}"

  Common fixes: correct the probe type/path/port, raise initialDelaySeconds or timeoutSeconds/failureThreshold for slow starts, or relieve CPU/disk I/O contention causing probe timeouts. Keep probe commands lightweight.

• Stack Trace / Unhandled Exception: Look for language-specific stack traces (e.g., panic:, NullPointerException, Traceback (most recent call)). This indicates an application bug.

• Egress Network Timeout: Look for connection timeouts (e.g., Connection timed out, dial tcp: i/o timeout). Proceed to Step 4 (Verify Connectivity).

• Permission Errors (ReadOnlyRootFilesystem): Look for write errors (e.g., Read-only file system, Permission denied when writing to /tmp or /var/log). Propose adding an emptyDir volume mount to that directory in the manifest.

Step 4: Verify Service Connectivity and Network Policies

Troubleshoot connection drops to other services.

Diagnostic Commands:

# Verify target endpoint is active
kubectl get endpoints {target_service_name} -n {target_namespace}
 
# Query network policies inside namespace
kubectl get networkpolicies -n {workload_namespace} -o yaml

Logic & Dry-Run Fallback:

1. Live Cluster Mode:

   • If kubectl get endpoints returns an empty list, the target microservice itself is failing to schedule or boot (troubleshoot target service).
   • If endpoints exist but logs show timeouts, analyze NetworkPolicy egress blocks to verify if egress traffic to the target service's IP/port is allowed.

2. Sandboxed / Dry-Run Mode:

   • If live kubectl queries fail or cluster connection is unavailable, do NOT retry live cluster access or enter repetitive connection attempts.
   • Immediately inspect the application source code (e.g. worker.py, app.go, DB connection strings) or Deployment manifests to identify the target service hostname (e.g. account-db) and destination port (e.g. 5432).
   • Present the exact kubectl get endpoints and kubectl get networkpolicies commands for the user, and synthesize the required NetworkPolicy egress patch allowing traffic to the target service and port.

Step 5: Propose GitOps Correction

Following the GitOps boundary, do not apply changes directly — this includes both cluster manifest/config patches and any Google Cloud mutations (for example gcloud IAM bindings or node-pool recreation). Present every change as a reviewable suggestion: a manifest patch / PR, or a command for the user to run.

1. Synthesize the root cause analysis for the human operator (e.g. "payment-api is failing with exit code 137 because its memory limit is set to 256Mi while actual usage spiked to 270Mi").
2. Generate the corrected YAML manifest patch (e.g. increase memory limits, add missing Secret mounts, or add tolerations for Spot nodes).
3. Check if a branch or Pull Request (PR) already exists for this workload/failure. If so, update the existing branch/PR or notify the user instead of creating a duplicate. Otherwise, create a branch, commit the change, open a Pull Request (PR) on GitHub, and conclude the workflow (do not wait for human merge).

References

• Troubleshoot OOM events
• Troubleshoot image pulls
• Troubleshoot CrashLoopBackOff events
• Troubleshoot deployed workloads
• Artifact Registry access control with GKE