deep-agents-memory

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npx skills add langchain-ai/langchain-skills --skill deep-agents-memory

Documentation

SKILL.md

npx skills add ...

Documentation

SKILL.md

INVOKE THIS SKILL when your Deep Agent needs memory, persistence, or filesystem access. Covers StateBackend (ephemeral), StoreBackend (persistent), FilesystemMiddleware, and CompositeBackend for routing.

npx skills add langchain-ai/langchain-skills --skill deep-agents-memory

Documentation

SKILL.mdView source

Deep Agents use pluggable backends for file operations and memory:

Short-term (StateBackend): Persists within a single thread, lost when thread ends Long-term (StoreBackend): Persists across threads and sessions Hybrid (CompositeBackend): Route different paths to different backends

FilesystemMiddleware provides tools: ls, read_file, write_file, edit_file, glob, grep

Use Case	Backend	Why
Temporary working files	StateBackend	Default, no setup
Local development CLI	FilesystemBackend	Direct disk access
Cross-session memory	StoreBackend	Persists across threads
Hybrid storage	CompositeBackend	Mix ephemeral + persistent

Default StateBackend stores files ephemerally within a thread.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
 
agent = create_deep_agent()  # Default: StateBackend
result = agent.invoke({
    "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Write notes to /draft.txt"}]
}, config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-1"}})
# /draft.txt is lost when thread ends

Default StateBackend stores files ephemerally within a thread.

import { createDeepAgent } from "deepagents";
 
const agent = await createDeepAgent();  // Default: StateBackend
const result = await agent.invoke({
  messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Write notes to /draft.txt" }]
}, { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-1" } });
// /draft.txt is lost when thread ends

Configure CompositeBackend to route paths to different storage backends.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
from deepagents.backends import CompositeBackend, StateBackend, StoreBackend
from langgraph.store.memory import InMemoryStore
 
store = InMemoryStore()
 
composite_backend = lambda rt: CompositeBackend(
    default=StateBackend(rt),
    routes={"/memories/": StoreBackend(rt)}
)
 
agent = create_deep_agent(backend=composite_backend, store=store)
 
# /draft.txt -> ephemeral (StateBackend)
# /memories/user-prefs.txt -> persistent (StoreBackend)

Configure CompositeBackend to route paths to different storage backends.

import { createDeepAgent, CompositeBackend, StateBackend, StoreBackend } from "deepagents";
import { InMemoryStore } from "@langchain/langgraph";
 
const store = new InMemoryStore();
 
const agent = await createDeepAgent({
  backend: (config) => new CompositeBackend(
    new StateBackend(config),
    { "/memories/": new StoreBackend(config) }
  ),
  store
});
 
// /draft.txt -> ephemeral (StateBackend)
// /memories/user-prefs.txt -> persistent (StoreBackend)

Files in /memories/ persist across threads via StoreBackend routing.

# Using CompositeBackend from previous example
config1 = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-1"}}
agent.invoke({"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Save to /memories/style.txt"}]}, config=config1)
 
config2 = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-2"}}
agent.invoke({"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Read /memories/style.txt"}]}, config=config2)
# Thread 2 can read file saved by Thread 1

Files in /memories/ persist across threads via StoreBackend routing.

// Using CompositeBackend from previous example
const config1 = { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-1" } };
await agent.invoke({ messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Save to /memories/style.txt" }] }, config1);
 
const config2 = { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-2" } };
await agent.invoke({ messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Read /memories/style.txt" }] }, config2);
// Thread 2 can read file saved by Thread 1

Use FilesystemBackend for local development with real disk access and human-in-the-loop.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
from deepagents.backends import FilesystemBackend
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
 
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=FilesystemBackend(root_dir=".", virtual_mode=True),  # Restrict access
    interrupt_on={"write_file": True, "edit_file": True},
    checkpointer=MemorySaver()
)
 
# Agent can read/write actual files on disk

Use FilesystemBackend for local development with real disk access and human-in-the-loop.

import { createDeepAgent, FilesystemBackend } from "deepagents";
import { MemorySaver } from "@langchain/langgraph";
 
const agent = await createDeepAgent({
  backend: new FilesystemBackend({ rootDir: ".", virtualMode: true }),
  interruptOn: { write_file: true, edit_file: true },
  checkpointer: new MemorySaver()
});

Security: Never use FilesystemBackend in web servers - use StateBackend or sandbox instead.

Access the store directly in custom tools for long-term memory operations.

from langchain.tools import tool, ToolRuntime
from langchain.agents import create_agent
from langgraph.store.memory import InMemoryStore
 
@tool
def get_user_preference(key: str, runtime: ToolRuntime) -> str:
    """Get a user preference from long-term storage."""
    store = runtime.store
    result = store.get(("user_prefs",), key)
    return str(result.value) if result else "Not found"
 
@tool
def save_user_preference(key: str, value: str, runtime: ToolRuntime) -> str:
    """Save a user preference to long-term storage."""
    store = runtime.store
    store.put(("user_prefs",), key, {"value": value})
    return f"Saved {key}={value}"
 
store = InMemoryStore()
 
agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-4.1",
    tools=[get_user_preference, save_user_preference],
    store=store
)

### What Agents CAN Configure

Backend type and configuration
Routing rules for CompositeBackend
Root directory for FilesystemBackend
Human-in-the-loop for file operations

What Agents CANNOT Configure

Tool names (ls, read_file, write_file, edit_file, glob, grep)
Access files outside virtual_mode restrictions
Cross-thread file access without proper backend setup

StoreBackend requires a store instance.

# WRONG
agent = create_deep_agent(backend=lambda rt: StoreBackend(rt))
 
# CORRECT
agent = create_deep_agent(backend=lambda rt: StoreBackend(rt), store=InMemoryStore())

StoreBackend requires a store instance.

// WRONG
const agent = await createDeepAgent({ backend: (c) => new StoreBackend(c) });
 
// CORRECT
const agent = await createDeepAgent({ backend: (c) => new StoreBackend(c), store: new InMemoryStore() });

StateBackend files are thread-scoped - use same thread_id or StoreBackend for cross-thread access.

# WRONG: thread-2 can't read file from thread-1
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]}, config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-1"}})  # Write
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]}, config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-2"}})  # File not found!

StateBackend files are thread-scoped - use same thread_id or StoreBackend for cross-thread access.

// WRONG: thread-2 can't read file from thread-1
await agent.invoke({ messages: [...] }, { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-1" } });  // Write
await agent.invoke({ messages: [...] }, { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-2" } });  // File not found!

Path must match CompositeBackend route prefix for persistence.

# With routes={"/memories/": StoreBackend(rt)}:
agent.invoke(...)  # /prefs.txt -> ephemeral (no match)
agent.invoke(...)  # /memories/prefs.txt -> persistent (matches route)

Path must match CompositeBackend route prefix for persistence.

// With routes: { "/memories/": StoreBackend }:
await agent.invoke(...);  // /prefs.txt -> ephemeral (no match)
await agent.invoke(...);  // /memories/prefs.txt -> persistent (matches route)

Use PostgresStore for production (InMemoryStore lost on restart).

# WRONG                              # CORRECT
store = InMemoryStore()              store = PostgresStore(connection_string="postgresql://...")

Use PostgresStore for production (InMemoryStore lost on restart).

// WRONG                                    // CORRECT
const store = new InMemoryStore();          const store = new PostgresStore({ connectionString: "..." });

Enable virtual_mode=True to restrict path access (prevents ../ and ~/ escapes).

backend = FilesystemBackend(root_dir="/project", virtual_mode=True)  # Secure

CompositeBackend matches longest prefix first.

routes = {"/mem/": StoreBackend(rt), "/mem/temp/": StateBackend(rt)}
# /mem/file.txt -> StoreBackend, /mem/temp/file.txt -> StateBackend (longer match)

npx skills add langchain-ai/langchain-skills --skill deep-agents-memory

Documentation

SKILL.md

npx skills add langchain-ai/langchain-skills --skill deep-agents-memory

Documentation

SKILL.mdView source

Deep Agents use pluggable backends for file operations and memory:

FilesystemMiddleware provides tools: ls, read_file, write_file, edit_file, glob, grep

Use Case	Backend	Why
Temporary working files	StateBackend	Default, no setup
Local development CLI	FilesystemBackend	Direct disk access
Cross-session memory	StoreBackend	Persists across threads
Hybrid storage	CompositeBackend	Mix ephemeral + persistent

Default StateBackend stores files ephemerally within a thread.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
 
agent = create_deep_agent()  # Default: StateBackend
result = agent.invoke({
    "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Write notes to /draft.txt"}]
}, config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-1"}})
# /draft.txt is lost when thread ends

Default StateBackend stores files ephemerally within a thread.

import { createDeepAgent } from "deepagents";
 
const agent = await createDeepAgent();  // Default: StateBackend
const result = await agent.invoke({
  messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Write notes to /draft.txt" }]
}, { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-1" } });
// /draft.txt is lost when thread ends

Configure CompositeBackend to route paths to different storage backends.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
from deepagents.backends import CompositeBackend, StateBackend, StoreBackend
from langgraph.store.memory import InMemoryStore
 
store = InMemoryStore()
 
composite_backend = lambda rt: CompositeBackend(
    default=StateBackend(rt),
    routes={"/memories/": StoreBackend(rt)}
)
 
agent = create_deep_agent(backend=composite_backend, store=store)
 
# /draft.txt -> ephemeral (StateBackend)
# /memories/user-prefs.txt -> persistent (StoreBackend)

Configure CompositeBackend to route paths to different storage backends.

import { createDeepAgent, CompositeBackend, StateBackend, StoreBackend } from "deepagents";
import { InMemoryStore } from "@langchain/langgraph";
 
const store = new InMemoryStore();
 
const agent = await createDeepAgent({
  backend: (config) => new CompositeBackend(
    new StateBackend(config),
    { "/memories/": new StoreBackend(config) }
  ),
  store
});
 
// /draft.txt -> ephemeral (StateBackend)
// /memories/user-prefs.txt -> persistent (StoreBackend)

Files in /memories/ persist across threads via StoreBackend routing.

# Using CompositeBackend from previous example
config1 = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-1"}}
agent.invoke({"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Save to /memories/style.txt"}]}, config=config1)
 
config2 = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-2"}}
agent.invoke({"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Read /memories/style.txt"}]}, config=config2)
# Thread 2 can read file saved by Thread 1

Files in /memories/ persist across threads via StoreBackend routing.

// Using CompositeBackend from previous example
const config1 = { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-1" } };
await agent.invoke({ messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Save to /memories/style.txt" }] }, config1);
 
const config2 = { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-2" } };
await agent.invoke({ messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Read /memories/style.txt" }] }, config2);
// Thread 2 can read file saved by Thread 1

Use FilesystemBackend for local development with real disk access and human-in-the-loop.

from deepagents import create_deep_agent
from deepagents.backends import FilesystemBackend
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
 
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=FilesystemBackend(root_dir=".", virtual_mode=True),  # Restrict access
    interrupt_on={"write_file": True, "edit_file": True},
    checkpointer=MemorySaver()
)
 
# Agent can read/write actual files on disk

Use FilesystemBackend for local development with real disk access and human-in-the-loop.

import { createDeepAgent, FilesystemBackend } from "deepagents";
import { MemorySaver } from "@langchain/langgraph";
 
const agent = await createDeepAgent({
  backend: new FilesystemBackend({ rootDir: ".", virtualMode: true }),
  interruptOn: { write_file: true, edit_file: true },
  checkpointer: new MemorySaver()
});

Security: Never use FilesystemBackend in web servers - use StateBackend or sandbox instead.

Access the store directly in custom tools for long-term memory operations.

from langchain.tools import tool, ToolRuntime
from langchain.agents import create_agent
from langgraph.store.memory import InMemoryStore
 
@tool
def get_user_preference(key: str, runtime: ToolRuntime) -> str:
    """Get a user preference from long-term storage."""
    store = runtime.store
    result = store.get(("user_prefs",), key)
    return str(result.value) if result else "Not found"
 
@tool
def save_user_preference(key: str, value: str, runtime: ToolRuntime) -> str:
    """Save a user preference to long-term storage."""
    store = runtime.store
    store.put(("user_prefs",), key, {"value": value})
    return f"Saved {key}={value}"
 
store = InMemoryStore()
 
agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-4.1",
    tools=[get_user_preference, save_user_preference],
    store=store
)

### What Agents CAN Configure

Backend type and configuration
Routing rules for CompositeBackend
Root directory for FilesystemBackend
Human-in-the-loop for file operations

What Agents CANNOT Configure

Tool names (ls, read_file, write_file, edit_file, glob, grep)
Access files outside virtual_mode restrictions
Cross-thread file access without proper backend setup

StoreBackend requires a store instance.

# WRONG
agent = create_deep_agent(backend=lambda rt: StoreBackend(rt))
 
# CORRECT
agent = create_deep_agent(backend=lambda rt: StoreBackend(rt), store=InMemoryStore())

StoreBackend requires a store instance.

// WRONG
const agent = await createDeepAgent({ backend: (c) => new StoreBackend(c) });
 
// CORRECT
const agent = await createDeepAgent({ backend: (c) => new StoreBackend(c), store: new InMemoryStore() });

StateBackend files are thread-scoped - use same thread_id or StoreBackend for cross-thread access.

# WRONG: thread-2 can't read file from thread-1
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]}, config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-1"}})  # Write
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]}, config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-2"}})  # File not found!

StateBackend files are thread-scoped - use same thread_id or StoreBackend for cross-thread access.

// WRONG: thread-2 can't read file from thread-1
await agent.invoke({ messages: [...] }, { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-1" } });  // Write
await agent.invoke({ messages: [...] }, { configurable: { thread_id: "thread-2" } });  // File not found!

Path must match CompositeBackend route prefix for persistence.

# With routes={"/memories/": StoreBackend(rt)}:
agent.invoke(...)  # /prefs.txt -> ephemeral (no match)
agent.invoke(...)  # /memories/prefs.txt -> persistent (matches route)

Path must match CompositeBackend route prefix for persistence.

// With routes: { "/memories/": StoreBackend }:
await agent.invoke(...);  // /prefs.txt -> ephemeral (no match)
await agent.invoke(...);  // /memories/prefs.txt -> persistent (matches route)

Use PostgresStore for production (InMemoryStore lost on restart).

# WRONG                              # CORRECT
store = InMemoryStore()              store = PostgresStore(connection_string="postgresql://...")

Use PostgresStore for production (InMemoryStore lost on restart).

// WRONG                                    // CORRECT
const store = new InMemoryStore();          const store = new PostgresStore({ connectionString: "..." });

Enable virtual_mode=True to restrict path access (prevents ../ and ~/ escapes).

backend = FilesystemBackend(root_dir="/project", virtual_mode=True)  # Secure

CompositeBackend matches longest prefix first.

routes = {"/mem/": StoreBackend(rt), "/mem/temp/": StateBackend(rt)}
# /mem/file.txt -> StoreBackend, /mem/temp/file.txt -> StateBackend (longer match)