mastering-typescript

- [ ] Use pnpm for package management (faster, disk-efficient)
- [ ] Configure ESM-first (type: "module" in package.json)
- [ ] Enable strict mode in tsconfig.json
- [ ] Set up ESLint with @typescript-eslint
- [ ] Add Prettier for consistent formatting
- [ ] Configure Vitest for testing

const name: string = "Alice";
const age: number = 30;
const active: boolean = true;
const id: bigint = 9007199254740991n;
const key: symbol = Symbol("unique");

// Union: value can be one of several types
type Status = "pending" | "approved" | "rejected";
 
// Intersection: value must satisfy all types
type Employee = Person & { employeeId: string };
 
// Discriminated union for type-safe handling
type Result<T> =
  | { success: true; data: T }
  | { success: false; error: string };
 
function handleResult<T>(result: Result<T>): T | null {
  if (result.success) {
    return result.data; // TypeScript knows data exists here
  }
  console.error(result.error);
  return null;
}

// typeof guard
function process(value: string | number): string {
  if (typeof value === "string") {
    return value.toUpperCase();
  }
  return value.toFixed(2);
}
 
// Custom type guard
interface User { type: "user"; name: string }
interface Admin { type: "admin"; permissions: string[] }
 
function isAdmin(person: User | Admin): person is Admin {
  return person.type === "admin";
}

// Problem: Type assertion loses specific type info
const colors1 = {
  red: "#ff0000",
  green: "#00ff00"
} as Record<string, string>;
 
colors1.red.toUpperCase(); // OK, but red could be undefined
 
// Solution: satisfies preserves literal types
const colors2 = {
  red: "#ff0000",
  green: "#00ff00"
} satisfies Record<string, string>;
 
colors2.red.toUpperCase(); // OK, and TypeScript knows red exists

function first<T>(items: T[]): T | undefined {
  return items[0];
}
 
const num = first([1, 2, 3]);     // number | undefined
const str = first(["a", "b"]);   // string | undefined

interface HasLength {
  length: number;
}
 
function logLength<T extends HasLength>(item: T): T {
  console.log(item.length);
  return item;
}
 
logLength("hello");     // OK: string has length
logLength([1, 2, 3]);   // OK: array has length
logLength(42);          // Error: number has no length

interface ApiResponse<T> {
  data: T;
  status: number;
  timestamp: Date;
}
 
async function fetchUser(id: string): Promise<ApiResponse<User>> {
  const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`);
  const data = await response.json();
  return {
    data,
    status: response.status,
    timestamp: new Date()
  };
}

// Basic conditional type
type IsString<T> = T extends string ? true : false;
 
// Extract array element type
type ArrayElement<T> = T extends (infer E)[] ? E : never;
 
type Numbers = ArrayElement<number[]>; // number
type Strings = ArrayElement<string[]>; // string
 
// Practical: Extract Promise result type
type UnwrapPromise<T> = T extends Promise<infer R> ? R : T;

// Make all properties readonly
type Immutable<T> = {
  readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K];
};
 
// Make all properties nullable
type Nullable<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]: T[K] | null;
};
 
// Create getter functions for each property
type Getters<T> = {
  [K in keyof T as `get${Capitalize<string & K>}`]: () => T[K];
};
 
interface Person { name: string; age: number }
type PersonGetters = Getters<Person>;
// { getName: () => string; getAge: () => number }

// Typed functional component
interface ButtonProps {
  label: string;
  onClick: () => void;
  variant?: "primary" | "secondary";
}
 
const Button: React.FC<ButtonProps> = ({ label, onClick, variant = "primary" }) => (
  <button className={variant} onClick={onClick}>
    {label}
  </button>
);
 
// Typed hooks
const [count, setCount] = useState<number>(0);
const userRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);

// Type-safe DTO with class-validator
import { IsString, IsEmail, MinLength } from 'class-validator';
 
class CreateUserDto {
  @IsString()
  @MinLength(2)
  name: string;
 
  @IsEmail()
  email: string;
}
 
// Or with Zod (modern approach)
import { z } from 'zod';
 
const CreateUserSchema = z.object({
  name: z.string().min(2),
  email: z.string().email()
});
 
type CreateUserDto = z.infer<typeof CreateUserSchema>;

import { z } from 'zod';
 
// Define schema
const UserSchema = z.object({
  id: z.string().uuid(),
  name: z.string().min(1).max(100),
  email: z.string().email(),
  role: z.enum(["user", "admin", "moderator"]),
  createdAt: z.coerce.date()
});
 
// Infer TypeScript type from schema
type User = z.infer<typeof UserSchema>;
 
// Validate at runtime
function parseUser(data: unknown): User {
  return UserSchema.parse(data); // Throws ZodError if invalid
}
 
// Safe parsing (returns result object)
const result = UserSchema.safeParse(data);
if (result.success) {
  console.log(result.data); // Typed as User
} else {
  console.error(result.error.issues);
}

// eslint.config.js
import eslint from '@eslint/js';
import tseslint from 'typescript-eslint';
 
export default tseslint.config(
  eslint.configs.recommended,
  ...tseslint.configs.strictTypeChecked,
  {
    languageOptions: {
      parserOptions: {
        projectService: true,
        tsconfigRootDir: import.meta.dirname,
      },
    },
  }
);

// Before full migration, use JSDoc
/**
 * @param {string} name
 * @param {number} age
 * @returns {User}
 */
function createUser(name, age) {
  return { name, age };
}